资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。
2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
赵孟頫对《楚辞》的图像呈现****** 作者:罗建新(西华师范大学文学院教授) 宋室贵胄赵孟頫“以承平王孙而婴世变,黍离之悲,有不能忘情者,故深得骚人意度”(邵亨贞《蚁术词选》),以“香草美人”之法创作诗文,吟咏情性:用“春风不披拂”“含英在中林”的“青青蕙兰花”作比,抒写“胡能见幽心”的不遇之悲;借“美人在何许,忽若阻山阿。攀条弄白日,常恐岁蹉跎”之事象,寄托“恐年岁之不吾与”的忧生之嗟;假“霜风何凄厉,兰萧同枯萎”起兴,传递因“众女嫉蛾眉”“俯首无所诉,菹醢听所为”而生的幽怨之情;遂使其文学作品呈现出“绍骚”韵致。而在其最为世人所称誉、推许为元人“冠冕”的图像创作中,也能见出“灵均余影”:他挥毫泼墨,涂抹丹青,书《离骚》《九歌》,写《渔父》《远游》,绘《屈原像》《九歌图》《西洞庭图》《东洞庭图》,画《兰蕙图》《竹石幽兰图》,运用多种艺术样式对《楚辞》进行图像呈现,使得其艺术创作展现出别具深意的楚骚情怀,既增加图像作品的文化底蕴,又丰富了中国古代《楚辞》文献的内容,具有多重意义。 众体兼擅的赵孟頫,曾以楷、行诸体,书写《离骚》《渔父》《九歌》《远游》等文辞。据清张照《石渠宝笈》卷一载:顺治十六年(1659年),皇帝“节临赵孟頫书《离骚》凡八则,计十七页”,则赵松雪当书写有《离骚》的部分诗句,故方能为顺治帝所本。又据美国纽约大都会艺术博物馆藏赵孟頫《九歌图册》、台北“故宫博物院”藏赵孟頫《九歌图》可知,孟頫曾行楷书《渔父》《九歌》文辞。复据陆心源《穰梨馆过眼录》卷二载:赵孟頫有行书《远游》卷,白麻纸本,坚洁如素,凡三接,八十八行,行十二至十四字;拖尾有钱应溥、唐翰题等跋文,谓此卷“首末千百言,无一懈笔,转换处篆以籀法运之,视公他迹,尤奇特”,极为推许;此卷在元时为句曲外史张雨庋藏,后流入建康王氏家,至清时,相继为沈旦华、唐翰题所得,后又经程文葆、曾朴、李葆恂、奎濂、朱汝珍等观览题签,今藏于北京故宫博物院,为人们直观感知松雪“上追二王,后人不及”的精绝书艺提供物质依凭。 “画入逸品、高者诣神”的赵孟頫,也以册页、手卷、立轴等形制,用白描、设色之法,绘制屈原肖像,摹写《九歌》诗意诗境,图画南楚东西洞庭形象,勾勒《离骚》香草状貌,创作出异彩纷呈的《楚辞》图像作品。 大德九年(1305年)八月,赵孟頫于所绘《九歌图》卷首画屈原立像:隆额高鼻,毫眉稀须,面容清癯,其头束缁撮,身着交领大袖袍,双手拢袖中,侧视前方,若有所思,目光平和而坚定;不似《渔父》篇所谓“颜色憔悴,形容枯槁”者,与后世画家如陈洪绶等所绘之屈子亦不类,具象呈现出宋、元时人对屈原容貌的理解与想象。 《楚辞》诸篇中,赵孟頫于《九歌》尤为眷怀,曾屡屡将之绘为图像。其中,有予《九歌》诸神以整体图绘者,如大德三年(1299年)八月,孟頫以设色之法,绘东皇太一、云中君、湘君、湘夫人、大司命、少司命、东君、河伯、山鬼、国殇共十神形象于绢帛上,笔法精妙,种种入神,令神之丰容、仪从,尽展于画幅之中。观者展玩一过,但觉云为之屯,烟为之摇,鼋为之泳,豹为之翔,恍恍惚惚,隐隐邈邈有不可遍视者,故明景泰(1450—1457年)时人顾亶叹曰:“神哉技至此也!”大德九年(1305年)八月,孟頫楷书《渔父》《九歌》十篇文辞,笔画精严,无一懈怠落凡,风神秀健;复以线描之法,绘屈原像及《九歌》十神,其所绘人物有贵而尊严者,有绰约神仙者,有魁梧奇伟者,有诡怪可怖者,旁见侧出,各极其妙,而笔力飞动,神情如生,明人蒋如奇(?—1643年)将之誉为“稀世宝”。延祐六年(1319年)四月,孟頫应夏七提领之请,于绢帛之上楷书《九歌》十一篇,线描前十神之形象,其中东皇太一裹甲执弓矢、訾裂髯张,而东君冠服手板、从以拥剑侍从,与诗意不符,或为后人误装所致。 亦有取用《九歌》部分诗句蕴意,予以图像呈现者,如孟頫曾取意于《湘夫人》“袅袅兮秋风,洞庭波兮木叶下”语,作《西洞庭图》《东洞庭图》,前图山自右出而高,缘岸老树数株,后图山自左出而小,愈见湖天空旷之势,山宗董源,水法唐人,布景设色得淡远之妙,秀润已极,乾隆以为其“着墨无多,而湖光渺弥,传神在气韵间,直骎骎然度营邱前矣”。图中各题以骚语四句:“山之凹兮水之涯,沙棱棱兮石礌礌,有美人兮如彼兰茝,思之不来兮使我心痗”“洞庭波兮山崨岌,川可济兮不可以涉。木兰为舟兮为楫,渺余怀兮风一叶。”既取法“骚体”,又化用《九歌》文辞,直接点明图中“阻隔”之象所寄的“不遇”之意,抒写期冀“小舟从此逝,江海寄余生”的退居之情。 赵孟頫还取材于《楚辞》香草,绘制多种图画。大德八年(1304年)三月,孟頫任浙江等处儒学提举,王冕将之邵阳,遂往拜谒。孟頫取意《离骚》“余既滋兰之九畹兮,又树蕙之百亩”语,作水墨《兰蕙图》以赠之。图绘兰、蕙二丛,生于石隙,兰叶交搭,向上作风势,蕙蕊含馨,似临风笑迎,诸物刚柔互济,俯仰交应,极富层次感。卷首有乾隆款识,谓其于“甲子仲秋月曾临一过”,拖尾有赵孟吁、赵孟琪、张图南、沈原、赵淇等人题跋,谓“悠悠《离骚》意,奕奕相浦华”“玉堂云雾湿,飞下《离骚》笔”云云,在“香草美人”的传统审美语境中赋予图像与《楚辞》以直接关联,启发观者思考图中所蕴含的“无限幽贞意”。美国克利夫兰艺术博物馆藏有孟頫《竹石幽兰图》,绘有嶙峋叠立之坡石,左右生幽兰数丛,兰叶潇洒舒展,穿插有致,花瓣随意点簇,疏落俏丽;复缀以小竹数株,枝叶繁茂,或有斜逸旁出者,其间若有轻风斜吹,竹叶俯仰摇曳;石隙间生幽草七、八丛,葳蕤纤柔。全图布局匀称平正,石以飞白,曲折顿挫,兰竹则以草书和八分笔法,撇捺为之,灵动飘逸,含劲健于婀娜之中,充分体现出赵体书法特有的俊逸秀美。图后有韩性、仇远、郑元祐、吴克恭、昂吉、王孜方、柯九思、赵奕、张渥、章鑑等题跋二十七则,或陈说“欲寻灵均歌楚些,汨罗江远日将曛”“三闾六逸重千古,其名耿耿谁相成”等有观图而生的悼屈之感;或依王逸“善鸟香草以配忠贞,恶禽臭物以比谗佞”之例,谓其图中之兰“纫之为佩矣,如屈平终投于汨罗”,竹“直躬如矢矣,若史渔今亦且死”,而“伊谁树二棘于其间矣,正枳棘之青蝇为白璧之所耻”,解析图像的比兴意义。 赵孟頫运用多种艺术技法,对《楚辞》进行图像化呈现,当是托物言志而有意为之者。孟頫为赵宋“帝王苗裔”,才名重当世,却折节仕元,故多为世人鄙斥,郑思肖、谢枋得、戴表元等甚至与之绝交,不肯相见;为官元廷后的政治境遇又令其有“误落尘网中”“宛转受缠绕”的“笼中鸟”之感,愁来无端倪。面对此种窘境,他曾作《送吴幼清南还序》自陈心迹:入朝为官乃是“欲出而用之于国,使圣贤之泽沛然及于天下”“非苟为是栖栖也”,并书写《楚辞》,以“众不可户说兮,孰云察余之中情”自慰,用“岂余身之惮殃兮,恐皇舆之败绩”自勉;又因觉“《九歌》屈子之所作也,忠以事君,而君或不见信而反踈,然其忠愤有不能自已,故假神人以寓厥意”(赵孟頫延祐六年本《九歌图》自跋),绘多本《九歌图》,具象呈现“空有丹心依魏阙”的不遇之悲;同时,他还取意于《楚辞》香草,屡屡图画深林寂寞犹芬芳的兰、蕙,蕴清洁贞静之志于嫋嫋幽花中,以明情志。美国旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆藏赵孟頫《兰蕙图》中,有日本学者长尾甲题跋:“松雪仕元,贵封魏国,乃写此幽抱孤芳之状,岂有所托耶?”或可表明,赵孟頫《楚辞》图像中体现出的楚骚情怀,已成为不同区域观者的审美共识。 《光明日报》( 2022年12月19日 13版) (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |